From the Department of General Anesthesiology (K.M., R.A., D.T., S.R., M.M., S.M., A. Kurz), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (A. Krishnaney, A.M.), Department of Pain Management (R.R.), and Department of Outcomes Research (K.M., D.I.S., N.M., M.T., S.R., A. Kurz), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Supplemental Digital Content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are available in both the HTML and PDF versions of this article. Links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the Journal’s Web site (
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Submitted for publication July 16, 2019. Accepted for publication December 18, 2019.
Submitted for publication July 16, 2019. Accepted for publication December 18, 2019.
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Correspondence: Address correspondence to Dr. Maheshwari: Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/E-31, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
maheshk@ccf.org. Information on purchasing reprints may be found at
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