*Developed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Chronic Pain Management: Richard W. Rosenquist, M.D. (Chair), Iowa City, Iowa; Honorio T. Benzon, M.D., Chicago, Illinois; Richard T. Connis, Ph.D., Woodinville, Washington; Oscar A. De Leon-Casasola, M.D., Buffalo, New York; D. David Glass, M.D., Lebanon, New Hampshire; Wilhelmina C. Korevaar, M.D., Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania; Nagy A. Mekhail, M.D., Ph.D., Cleveland, Ohio; Douglas G. Merrill, M.D., Iowa City, Iowa; David G. Nickinovich, Ph.D., Bellevue, Washington; James P. Rathmell, M.D., Boston, Massachusetts; Christine Nai-Mei Sang, M.D., M.P.H., Boston, Massachusetts; and Dana L. Simon, M.D., Des Moines, Iowa. The Task Force thanks Timothy R. Deer, M.D. for his early contributions (September 2006-June 2008) to the development of these Practice Guidelines.