Lee A. Fleisher, M.D., Chairman, Department of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: “An Established Biomarker: Cardiac Troponin”

H. Thomas Lee, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, New York, New York: “An Evolving Domain: Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury”

Timothy T. Houle, Ph.D., Research Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina: “How to Read a Paper on a Biomarker”

David Murray, M.D., Professor of Anesthesiology, Director of Simulation Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri: “Setting Performance Standards for a Simulation-based Anesthesia Assessment”

Randy Steadman, M.D., Professor and Vice Chair of Anesthesiology, Director of Simulation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California: “Simulation Centers Accreditation: High Quality Training Endorsed by the ABA and ASA”

Jeffrey M. Taekman, M.D., Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina: “High-Fidelity Simulation/Virtual Environments to Improve the Safety and Efficiency of Clinical Trials”

“Speaking up across authority gradients: Are these simulator lessons retained and transferred?” by May C.M. Pian-Smith, David Birnbach, Marjorie Steigler, John T. Sullivan, Daniel Raemer, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. In this abstract, 40 anesthesia residents were trained in speaking up across authority gradients. Before and after training, the residents reviewed videos of relatively contraindicated actions during obstetric anesthesia care. The training improved their effectiveness in speaking up across authority gradients. [A1615]

“Comparing Inter-Rater Reliability of Global and Checklist Scores for Novices in Simulated Scenarios” by Lauryn R. Rochlen, Christine S. Park, Jeremy VandenBerg, Robert J. McCarthy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. In this abstract, 22 first-yr anesthesiology residents were assessed on their performance during 6 simulated scenarios at Day 0 and Week 6 of training. In the assessment of novice anesthesiology residents, there was greater interrater variability using global rating scales as compared with the performance checklists. [A1617]

“Simulation Impact on Decision Making and Cricothyrotomy Skills” by Bruno Borges, Sylvain Boet, Heinz Bruppacher, Viren Naik, Hwan Joo, Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In this abstract, 19 anesthesiologists aged <45 yr and 17 aged >45 yr were assessed on performance in a simulated “cannot intubate, cannot ventilate” scenario before and after video-assisted expert debriefing focused on communication, decision-making, and cricothyrotomy skills. The lower cricothyrotomy scores and longer performance times of the >45 yr group suggests that, as anesthesiologists age, teaching of technical skills may need to be modified to account for changes in psychomotor skill. [A1608]

“Simulation of Hyperkalemic Cardiac Arrest to Assess Residents' Pediatric Resuscitation Skills” by Kimberly J. Howard-Quijano, Marjorie A. Stiegler, Yue Ming Huang, Cecilia Canales, Randolph H. Steadman, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. In this abstract, 21 anesthesia residents participated in a simulated pediatric cardiac arrest scenario to assess their pediatric resuscitation skills. Although correct maneuvers were initiated, implementation was not ideal for age- or weight-specific treatments. The results suggest that anesthesiology residents need additional pediatric resuscitation training. [A1611]

“Effect of Just-in-Time simulation training on Pediatric resident performance of intubation in PICU” by Akira Nishisaki, Shawn Colborn, Sujatha Devale, Ron M. Walls, Vinay M. Nadkarni, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In this abstract, the performance of pediatric residents on airway management in the pediatric intensive care unit was evaluated before and after a 14-month, just-in-time, multi-disciplinary, simulation-based overtraining. The training improved resident procedural participation. No impact on success or adverse events was found. [A1614]

“A Handoff Training and Improvement Initiative: The Curriculum Design” by Arna Banerjee, Jason Slagle, Audrey Kuntz, Matthew Weinger, PACU Handoff Project Team, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. In this abstract, trained registered nurses assessed the quality of handoffs between 118 anesthesia providers and 124 postanesthesia unit registered nurses before and after simulation-based handoff training. A significant improvement in quality of actual handoffs between anesthesia providers and registered nurses was found after training, and may advance patient safety through more effective communication. [A1606]

“Does Every Code Need a Reader? Observed Improvement of Rare Event Management with Read Checklist” by Amanda Burden, Marc C. Torjman, Tejal Raju, Greg Staman, Cooper University Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Camden, New Jersey. In this abstract, nine anesthesiology residents were evaluated on their use of cognitive aids during rare and catastrophic event management. Introduction of an individual to read the cognitive aid aloud enabled residents to make better use of the cognitive aid, as compared with those who tried to think, act, and read the cognitive aid alone. [A1609]

“Accuracy of Self Assessment for Crisis Resource Management Before and After Video Review” by Sylvain Boet, Mathew D. Bould, Heinz R. Bruppacher, Deven B. Chandra, Viren N. Naik, Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In this abstract, 24 anesthesiology residents evaluated their own nontechnical skill performance in a simulated crisis scenario before and after reviewing a video of their performance. No correlation was found between expert assessment and self-assessment, either before or after video review. [A1607]

“Benchmarking Skills of Anesthesiology Residents Using Multisource Ratings and Medical Simulation” by Seshadri Mudumbai, David M. Gaba, Jack Boulet, Steven K. Howard, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. In this abstract, the top and bottom cohort of a third-yr anesthesiology resident class was determined by attending, surgeon, nurse, and peer rating of overall clinical ability. Seven residents subsequently participated in seven simulated scenarios each, and their scores were found to correlate with ability ranking. Results suggest that multisource evaluation combined with simulation may be an assessment technique more directly related to actual medical ability. [A1613]

“Medical Student Performance in Simulated Acute Medical Scenarios” by James Fehr, Julie Woodhouse, David Murray, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. In this abstract, senior medical students were evaluated on their performance during nine simulated acute care scenarios. Students were more proficient at managing scenarios that simulated more common critical events. The results suggest that scenarios with lesser performance are areas of possible simulation-based training intervention to improve skill. [A1610]

“The 5-min Rule for Perimortem Cesarean Delivery: Should We Move to the Operating Room?” by Steven Lipman, Brendan Carvalho, Sheila Cohen, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. In this abstract, eight timed stat cesarean section simulations were performed to assess the feasibility of delivering a fetus in the operating room within 5 min of maternal cardiac arrest. Results suggest that delivery within 5 min cannot be achieved if the patient is moved to the operating room, and delivery should therefore be performed in the patient's room. [A1612]

“High-Fidelity Simulation as an Experiential Model for Teaching Root Cause Analysis” by Sadeq A. Quraishi, Stephen J. Kimatian, W. Bosseau Murray, Elizabeth H. Sinz, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. In this abstract, 45 anesthesiology residents were randomized to receive root cause analysis training before or after participation in simulated scenarios in which medical errors occur or receive no root cause analysis training. Root cause analysis training resulted in retention of knowledge and increased positive attitude towards systems improvement. [A1616]