From the Department of Anesthesia (Y.L.M.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.L.M., P.J.D.), and Department of Medicine (P.J.D.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Michael DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Perioperative Research Group, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada (Y.L.M., R.R.); Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.C.); Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthesia, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa (R.R.); Department of Biostatistics and Medical Information, Necker University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France (C.L.B.-B.); Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthetics, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa (B.B.); Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (B.R.); Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Perioperative Medicine and Surgical Research Unit, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.J.D.); and Montpellier 1 University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Research and Medical Informatics, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France (P.L.).