(Lenhardt) Research Fellow, University of California, San Francisco.
(Marker, Goll, Tschernich, Nartz) Resident, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Vienna.
(Kurz) Attending Anesthesiologist, Associate Director Outcomes Research, University of Vienna.
(Sessler) Professor, University of California, San Francisco; Professor, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Anesthesia and Intensive Care; Director Outcomes Research and Vice-Chair, Department of Anesthesia and General Intensive Care, University of Vienna.
(Lackner) Professor and Vice-Chair, Department of Anesthesia and General Intensive Care, University of Vienna.
Received from the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California; the Outcomes Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesia and General Intensive Care, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Vienna, Austria. Submitted for publication March 27, 1997. Accepted for publication July 8, 1997. Supported by National Institutes of Health grant GM49670; by Fonds zur Forderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Vienna, Austria; and by the Joseph Drown (Los Angeles, California), Max Kade (New York, New York), Erwin-Schrodinger (Vienna, Austria), J. William Fulbright (Washington, DC), and Anesthesia Patient Safety (Ermire, Pennsylvania) foundations. Mallinckrodt Anesthesiology Products (St. Louis, Missouri) donated the thermocouples. Major corporate funding for the Outcomes Research Laboratory is provided by Augustine Medical, Apotheus Laboratories, and Fairville Medical Optics. The authors do not consult for, accept honoraria from, or own stock or stock options in any anesthesia-related company. Presented in part at the 1996 Annual meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, October 21–25, Atlanta, Georgia.
Address correspondence to Dr. Sessler: Department of Anesthesia, 374 Parnassus Avenue, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143–0648. Reprints will not be available. Address electronic mail to: sessler@vaxine.ucsf.edu.